ÿþ<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>John's Information Service &amp; Café On The Silk Road and in Tibet kashgar turufan dunhuag xian xinjiang silkroad</TITLE> <META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=gb2312"> <link href="../../css.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <style type="text/css"> <!-- body { background-color: #ed992c; } .style1 { font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: #d85b0e; } .style4 {color: #d85b0e;} .style9 { color: #000000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; } .style13 {color: #FF0000;} .style14 {color: #000000;} .style5 {color: #000000;} .STYLE6 {font-size: 14px;} --> </style> <meta name="keywords" content="kashgar turufan dunhuag xian xinjiang silkroad"> </HEAD> <BODY LEFTMARGIN=0 TOPMARGIN=0 MARGINWIDTH=0 MARGINHEIGHT=0> <!-- ImageReady Slices (c.psd) --> <table width="780" border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td><a href="../../index.asp"><img src="../../images/c_02.jpg" alt="" width=83 height=41 border="0"></a></td> <td><a href="../../index.asp"><img src="../../images/c_03.jpg" alt="" width=177 height=41 border="0"></a></td> <td width="520" height="41" background="../../images/c_04.jpg"><div align="center"> <script language="JavaScript" type="text/JavaScript"> <!-- function MM_jumpMenu(targ,selObj,restore){ //v3.0 eval(targ+".location='"+selObj.options[selObj.selectedIndex].value+"'"); if (restore) selObj.selectedIndex=0; } //--> </script> <link href="../../css.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <div align="center" > <iframe width="100%" height="30" src="../../chinese/search.asp" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="../../index.asp"><img src="../../images/c_06.jpg" alt="" width=83 height=93 border="0"></a></td> <td><a href="../../index.asp"><img src="../../images/c_07.jpg" alt="" width=177 height=93 border="0"></a></td> <td background="../../images/c_08.jpg"><object classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,29,0" width="520" height="93"> <param name="movie" value="../../flash/top.swf"> <param name="quality" value="high"> <param name="wmode" value="transparent"> <embed src="../../flash/top.swf" width="520" height="93" quality="high" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent"></embed> </object></td> </tr> </table> <table width="780" border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td height="68" valign="top" background="../../images/c_09.jpg"><object classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,29,0" width="725" height="62"> <param name="movie" value="../../flash/wave2.swf"> <param name="quality" value="high"> <param name="wmode" value="transparent"> <embed src="../../flash/wave2.swf" width="725" height="62" quality="high" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent"></embed> </object></td> </tr> </table> <TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=780 align=center border=0> <TBODY> <TR> <TD width=99 bgColor=#ffffff><IMG src="/admin/eweb/UploadFile/200831817325814.jpg" border=0></TD> <TD width=681 background=../../images/c_11.jpg> <P class="i3 style1 style4" align=left>Tibetan Buddhis</P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=780 align=center border=0> <TBODY> <TR> <TD vAlign=top width=780 background=../../images/c_12.jpg colSpan=3 height=431> <TABLE cellSpacing=5 cellPadding=5 width="94%" align=center border=0> <TBODY> <TR> <TD align=left> <P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Buddha means  the enlightened one . Sankyamuni (saviour of the sakya clan) is a title of respect for the man named Siddharta Gautama, who was born a prince in the north India around 500 B.C.. He grew up in luxury, shielded from contact with human misery, and married young,. One night curiosity led him outside, where he saw shocking examples of disease, old age and death. Determined to find a way to save mankind from suffering sakyamuni left his wife and child, renounced his princehood, and spent long long years wandering as an ascetic. At last, fasting and meditating under a tree, he received enlightenment.<BR><BR>Buddha s insight into ultimate reality was embodied in the four noble truths and the eightfold path. He wished to be a guide, not an authority, and early buddhism was a way of life rather than a religion. Its teaching encouraged people to take full responsibility for their thoughts and actions and to progress along a path to spiritual growth.<BR><BR>Buddha s followers formed open communities of monks and nuns, who lived disciplined lives and sought wisdom, their prime virtue. For 500 years, while buddhism spread throughout India, all teaching was oral. In the third century B.C. this early form of Buddhism in India, called theravada, took root in ceylon and spread onto other parts of south and southeast Asia.<BR><BR>In the north, a new form of Buddhism appeared, called mahayana or the greater vehicle, which appealed to many more people. Though sharing basic doctrines with hinayana (thervada), its emphasis changed. Compassion was its chief virtue, and its ideal was the bodhisattva, a perfected individual who gave up release from the cycle of rebirth in order to return to earth and help all sentient beings. Buddha was now treated like a god. Countless mythical Buddhas were invented to embody all of his aspects, and their images were worshipped in temples. By the first century ad, scriptures, called sutras, laid down doctrines and monastic rules and recorded Buddha s sermons as they were remembered. Mahayana Buddhism spread to central Asia, china, Korea and japan.<BR><BR>A third type of Buddhism saw man s harmony with the universe as the key to salvation. Adepts of tantrism in India tried to manipulate external forces by magic, while followers of chan in china induced inner harmony through meditation.<BR><BR>Buddhism died out in India around 1200, as Hinduism revived and harsh moslem invasions destroyed Buddhist centres. But Buddhist doctrines and scriptures lived on in Tibet, where Buddhism was promoted by the kings. The faith almost vanished with the end of the monarchy in the ninth century. When it arose again, Tibet s decentralized conditions allowed Buddhism to split into some 20 sects. <BR>The following five became the most important:</SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ‹[SO"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P> <DIV align=center> <TABLE class=MsoNormalTable style="WIDTH: 346.5pt" cellSpacing=1 cellPadding=0 width=462 bgColor=#cccccc border=0> <TBODY> <TR> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 73.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=center align=middle width=462 bgColor=#ffffff> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align=left><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Nyingmapa</SPAN></STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ‹[SO"> </SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 272.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top width=462 bgColor=#ffffff> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><IMG height=1 src="newadd007_clip_image002_0000.gif" width=300><BR>The ancient ones, began around 750 ad with padmasambhava. It absorbed the bon faith and produced the Tibetan book of the dead.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ‹[SO"> </SPAN></P></TD></TR> <TR> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 346.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" width=462 bgColor=#ffffff colSpan=2> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ‹[SO"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P></TD></TR> <TR> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 73.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=center align=middle width=462 bgColor=#ffffff> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align=left><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Kahdampa</SPAN></STRONG></P></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 268.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top bgColor=#ffffff> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Began with atisha after 1050 ad. Its tradition laid stress on the scriptures and discipline, and it formed a link with India s sages.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ‹[SO"> </SPAN></P></TD></TR> <TR style="HEIGHT: 4pt" align=middle> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 346.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; HEIGHT: 4pt" width=462 bgColor=#ffffff colSpan=2> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ‹[SO"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P></TD></TR> <TR> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 73.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=center align=middle width=462 bgColor=#ffffff> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align=left><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Kagyupa</SPAN></STRONG></P></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 268.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top bgColor=#ffffff> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Began around 1060 ad with the teachers of marpa and milarepa. Most typically Tibetan, it stressed yoga as the way to seek enlightenment.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ‹[SO"> </SPAN></P></TD></TR> <TR align=middle> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 346.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" width=462 bgColor=#ffffff colSpan=2> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ‹[SO"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P></TD></TR> <TR> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 73.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=center align=middle width=462 bgColor=#ffffff> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align=left><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Sakyupa</SPAN></STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ‹[SO"> </SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 268.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top bgColor=#ffffff> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">It arose in 1073 ad at sakya monastery, which later governed Tibet. It was worldly and practical in outlook, less concerned with metaphysics.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ‹[SO"> </SPAN></P></TD></TR> <TR> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 346.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" width=462 bgColor=#ffffff colSpan=2> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ‹[SO"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P></TD></TR> <TR> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 73.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=center width=462 bgColor=#ffffff> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align=left><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Gelugpa</SPAN></STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ‹[SO"> </SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; WIDTH: 268.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm" vAlign=top bgColor=#ffffff> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">The virtuous ones or yellow hats, began with tsong khapa in 1407 ad. It absorbed kahdampa and carried on atisha s tradition. It dominated Tibet after the 17th century, leaving other sects to play a minor role.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ‹[SO"> </SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <style type="text/css"> <!-- .style2 { font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: #000000; } .style3 {font-size: 14px} --> </style> <link href="../../css.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <table width="780" border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td height="18" bgcolor="D85B0E"><div align="center"><a href="../../index.asp" class="a2">Go Home &gt;</a></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td height="26" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><div align="center" class="style2"> <p><span class="style3">Copyright reserved by John's information service &amp; caf&eacute; on the silk road and in Tibet,Contact to Us:</span> </p> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td height="35" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><table width="400" height="0" border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="3"> <tr> <td width="50%"><span class="style3"><a href="mailto:johncafe@hotmail.com">johncafe@hotmail.com</a></span></td><td width="50%"><span class="style3"><a href="mailto:info@johncafe.net">info@johncafe.net</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="style3">Tel:0086-998-2581186</span></td> <td><span class="style3">Fax:0086-998-2580096</span></td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> </table> </BODY> </HTML>